One popular way to reconstruct analog signals in microcontrollers (µCs) is through pulse width modulation (PWM). However, this modulation produces a large number of harmonic components, which limits ...

Two things have been overlooked with phasing amplitude modulation. One is the importance of pulse modulation; the other is that logic gates can be used for analog signal processing. Both of these ...

(1) An earlier magnetic disk encoding method that places clock bits onto the medium along with the data bits. It was superseded by MFM and RLL. FM radio was invented in the early 1930s by Edwin Howard ...

The author is a consulting broadcast systems engineer. Electricity constitutes a major part of the operating expenses of analog transmitter sites operating below 30 MHz, if not the largest. This is ...

An arbitrary waveform generator (Arb) can be seen as a reversed version of a real-time DSO. Both instrument categories share the same theoretical principles applied to sampled signals. There are, ...

The key parameters of the FSS technique and their impact on EMI performance. How to evaluate FSS performance using simulation, ICs, and a signal generator. Frequency spread spectrum (FSS) is a ...

Compared to the simple diode needed to demodulate AM radio signals, the detector circuits used for FM are slightly more complicated. Wrapping your head around phase detectors, ratio detectors, ...