This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article. A middle-aged cigarette smoker who has smoked for decades is two to three times more likely to die early than ...

Although several studies have linked smoking during pregnancy with neurodevelopmental disorders, the results of behavioral experiments in mice prenatally exposed to nicotine have been inconsistent. In ...

Smoking can reduce fertility in females. It can also negatively affect male fertility. Additionally, smoking may increase the risk of pregnancy complications and issues with fetal development. Smoking ...

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction: Learning to Change -- Preview -- The Constancy of Change -- Natural Selection -- Evolved Behavior -- Reflexes -- Modal Action Patterns -- General ...