The circuits presented here use ananalog switch—such as a DG419or one-third of a CD4053—to combinean analog signal with a standard PWMsignal. Most microcontrollers can easilygenerate the PWM signal.

Measurement of average power in a 60Hz circuit (equivalent to V RMS × I RMS × cos(ø)) can be done by sampling the product of voltage and current and averaging. This requires four quadrant ...

Fig 1. The multiplierless MPPT system incorporates a buck converter and a control stage. R SHU and the current sense amplifier, U5, sense the system’s output power. Fig 2. Using a perturb-and-observe ...

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) peripherals have enjoyed a long association with microcontrollers and power control, starting with motor control and power conversion. For the most part, these ...