Current extrinsic fiber acoustic sensors face two primary challenges. The first lies in the time-varying initial phase of the interference signal, which arises from environmental vibrations, ...

Trace gas sensors are used in different fields. Light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) has extremely high sensitivity and offers non-contact measurement, attracting extensive research ...

Optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) has long been instrumental in analysing the integrity of optical fibre networks by detecting backscattered light from imperfections and disturbances along the ...