Densities for the angle Θ = uX(mod 2π) and the cosine $Y = \cos(uX)$ can be expressed, through Fourier methods, in terms of the characteristic function of X. Thus ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Journal Information This journal, begun in 1943 as Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, publishes original articles on all aspects of ...

Archimedes' method finds an approximation of pi by determining the length of the perimeter of a polygon inscribed within a circle (which is less than the circumference of the circle) and the perimeter ...

Around 250 B.C., the Greek mathematician Archimedes calculated the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. A precise determination of pi, as we know this ratio today, had long been of ...