The circuits presented here use ananalog switch—such as a DG419or one-third of a CD4053—to combinean analog signal with a standard PWMsignal. Most microcontrollers can easilygenerate the PWM signal.

Fig 1. The multiplierless MPPT system incorporates a buck converter and a control stage. R SHU and the current sense amplifier, U5, sense the system’s output power. Fig 2. Using a perturb-and-observe ...

Measurement of average power in a 60Hz circuit (equivalent to V RMS × I RMS × cos(ø)) can be done by sampling the product of voltage and current and averaging. This requires four quadrant ...

This article describes a simple technique for using a processors PWM output to produce an analog control voltage that matches the load’s input range, thus maximizing control resolution. Most ...